Porous Zn scaffolds for bone regeneration: A synergy of experiment and artificial intelligence

Zinc (Zn) is considered a leading candidate for next-generation biodegradable orthopedic implants that combine moderate corrosion rates with a critical role in bone regeneration. A fundamental strategy to improve bone integrity and match the elastic modulus of natural bone—thus reducing the stress shielding effect—is based on the creation of porous Zn-based structures. For the first time, a comprehensive review of the mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biological performance of porous Zn-based scaffolds is presented with an emerging paradigm of personalization of these scaffolds through the application of artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, the framework of additive manufacturing (AM) methods for the production of these scaffolds was organized from theoretical and practical perspectives, an advanced approach that seems to fill one of the important research gaps in this field. However, achieving successful clinical translation requires a multidisciplinary approach. By identifying important challenges and providing a comprehensive roadmap for future development, this review aims to guide researchers with an emphasis on the simultaneous advancement of material properties, architectural design, and personalized manufacturing processes.