The positivity technique and low-lying zeros of Dirichlet L-functions

Assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, we sharpen the error terms in a number of estimates related to the distribution of low-lying zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions. The refinements, building upon earlier work of Omar, come from the use of the positivity technique, which involves choosing certain test functions in the explicit formula. We also improve a result of Hughes and Rudnick on the proportion of Dirichlet $L$-functions modulo a large prime $q$ having small first zeros. In addition, some of our results are generalized to a larger class of $L$-functions, and explicit conditional estimates are provided for the lowest zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions.