A review of advantages and challenges of using hempcrete for 3D printing in construction

Hempcrete, a bio-based composite of hemp shiv and lime, has received increasing attention as a sustainable building material due to its negative carbon footprint, thermal insulation, and acoustic performance. Recently, interest has extended to its potential use in 3D-printed construction, where material efficiency and complex geometries offer opportunities for reducing environmental impacts. This systematic literature review synthesizes findings from 202 publications to evaluate hempcrete’s performance, opportunities, and limitations in the context of 3D printing. The results indicate that hempcrete’s low density, carbon sequestration capability, and insulating properties make it a promising candidate for non-load-bearing wall systems, single-story buildings, and applications where thermal and acoustic comfort are prioritized. However, several barriers limit broader adoption: low compressive strength, long curing times, limited regional availability, extrusion and printability challenges, and economic and regulatory constraints. Despite these challenges, integrating hempcrete with 3D printing could enhance sustainability by reducing construction waste, enabling customized designs, and promoting carbon-negative building practices. Future research should focus on optimizing mix designs for extrusion, developing localized supply chains, and evaluating whole-building performance to advance hempcrete as a viable material for 3D-printed construction. Highlights : • Hempcrete is carbon-negative and lightweight, offering superior thermal and acoustic performance. • 3D printing enables hempcrete to form complex geometries with reduced material waste. • Hempcrete use for construction requires balancing sustainability with necessary structural strength. • Widespread adoption demands streamlined supply chains and favorable legal frameworks.