Blockchain–BIM integration in construction: A systematic literature review of workflows, mechanisms, and platforms

. The integration of Blockchain with Building Information Modelling (BIM) addresses persistent challenges of transparency, accountability, interoperability, and trust in construction. Yet, systematic insights into Blockchain–BIM implementation remain limited. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), identifying six lifecycle stages where integration occurs, supported by 29 workflows and 30 technical methods. Applications include blockchain-secured design reviews, provenance tracking, automated procurement, smart payments, and immutable handover records. BIM data types—design metadata, cost and schedule data, IoT evidence, and compliance records—are mapped to smart contract functions and blockchain platforms. Key mechanisms such as hybrid on/off-chain storage, cryptographic hashing, access controls, and watermarking are comparatively analyzed. Results show permissioned platforms (e.g., Hyperledger Fabric) enable controlled collaboration, while public ones (e.g., Ethereum) support transparency and tokenization. The review provides a structured taxonomy and conceptual framework to advance theory and guide Blockchain–BIM adoption in complex construction projects.