The use of curcumin in drug delivery systems for application in photodynamic therapy of cancer: a scoping review

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of global mortality due to the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells. Although conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy have advanced, their associated adverse effects may compromise patients’ quality of life. In this context, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative, particularly through the use of natural photosensitizers such as curcumin. However, its clinical application is limited by low solubility and bioavailability, highlighting the need for efficient drug delivery systems. This scoping review included studies published between 2016 and 2024, complemented by an updated search covering studies from 2025 to early 2026. Literature searches were conducted in major databases (Embase®, Scopus®, PubMed®, Web of Science®, and ScienceDirect®). The analyzed studies demonstrate that nanostructured delivery systems significantly enhance the photodynamic performance of curcumin. Polymeric and hybrid systems provide improved control over drug release and photodynamic efficiency, whereas lipid-based systems offer advantages in biocompatibility and cellular uptake. These improvements are associated with the modulation of curcumin’s photophysical properties and increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Curcumin incorporation into nanocarriers such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles represents a promising strategy for the treatment of various cancers. However, important challenges remain, including limited clinical evidence, variability in irradiation parameters, and barriers to large-scale production and standardization. Further in vivo and clinical investigations are required to validate therapeutic efficacy and support the clinical translation of curcumin-based photodynamic systems.