Paediatric robotic surgery simulation: Results of a national survey and scoping review

PURPOSE: The present nationwide survey combined with a scoping review aimed to provide an overview of current paediatric robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) training practices in France, focusing on simulation tools and evaluation methods. METHODS: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted among all French paediatric surgery centres with existing or upcoming RAS programmes. Answers were collected using Likert scales. A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, screening publications from 2000 to 2025 on paediatric robotic surgery and simulation. RESULTS: Eighteen surgeons from 13 centres responded. Two centres had exclusive access to robotic equipment, whereas others shared platforms with adult teams. Centres reported a mean 4.2 training days per month and 37.5 RAS procedures per year. Twelve respondents reported that a dedicated paediatric RAS curriculum would be more appropriate. Fifteen (82 %) engaged in additional simulation outside their initial training. Three independent paediatric RAS simulation programmes were identified, differing in format and target audience. Only three participants used objective performance-assessment tools. The scoping review included 8 articles from 361 records. All focused on procedural robotic simulation in paediatric settings; only one addressed non-procedural interprofessional simulation. The included studies demonstrated benefits of simulation in accelerating the learning curve, improving trocar placement, and strengthening team performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the need for structured, paediatric-specific RAS simulation programmes integrated into training pathways, supported by structured evaluation frameworks and institutional investment.