Augmenting Surgical Preparation: How Learners Use Artificial Intelligence to Prepare for the Operating Room

INTRODUCTION: Surgical trainees are increasingly using large language models (LLMs) for clinical and surgical preparation. However, there has been less discussion about the specific ways learners are utilizing artificial intelligence in pursuit of surgical competence. Adding challenge, the rapid pace of advancement has made it difficult for educators to remain aware of the different systems available and the best practices for their utilization. METHODS: Using relevant surgical preparation scenarios, we discuss several custom learning tools that can be created by LLMs today. We then demonstrate three principles for success using specific examples: selecting the "best" LLM, having clear learning goals, and providing sufficient context. Finally, we discuss current limitations of working with LLMs including hallucinations, bias, and sycophancy. CONCLUSIONS: Effective LLM utilization transforms the interaction from simple informational exchange to an active learning experience. By providing clear examples and approaches, we hope to both make these systems more approachable for educators, as well as inspire learners to create their own custom tools.