Recent progress of textile-based humidity and temperature sensors for human health monitoring

Textile-based sensors have emerged as a promising platform for integrating intelligent functionality into everyday garments, enabling real-time monitoring of human physiological and environmental parameters. In particular, the detection of temperature and humidity changes offers significant potential for the development of smart clothing, especially in applications such as sportswear, healthcare, robotics, and protective textiles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in textile-based humidity and temperature sensors, focusing on various sensing mechanisms, including resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric types. Key components such as sensor substrates, functional materials (e.g., conductive polymers and inks), and fabrication techniques for conductive textiles are discussed in detail. Critical performance metrics such as sensitivity, response and recovery time, detection range, repeatability, and stability are examined to evaluate sensor effectiveness. Furthermore, the review outlines current challenges and design considerations in sensor integration, including flexibility, durability, and wearer comfort. Finally, the paper highlights future perspectives and research directions for advancing wearable sensor technology toward scalable manufacturing, multi-functionality, and integration with wireless systems for next-generation human health monitoring solutions. • Comprehensive overview of textile-based humidity and temperature sensors, including resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensing mechanisms. • Critical discussion of functional materials and fabrication techniques for conductive and wearable textiles, emphasizing scalability and flexibility. • Systematic evaluation of key performance metrics such as sensitivity, response/recovery time, stability, and repeatability across diverse applications. • Identification of current challenges and future research directions toward durable, comfortable, multifunctional, and wireless-integrated smart textile systems.