Marine-derived probiotic microorganisms: A review of their therapeutic applications in human health

This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on marine-derived probiotic microorganisms and their therapeutic applications in human health. Databases such as PubMed and Scopus were searched (2000–2025) using terms related to marine probiotics, bioactive compounds, and clinical or experimental evidence of health benefits. There has been an increasing interest in marine-derived probiotics and their potential applications to humans in health care. Probiotic microorganisms derived from marine environments include a spectrum of various species of bacteria including Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Pseudomonas , marine yeasts and microalgae. Marine microbes produce special bioactive compounds displaying unique antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity that developed because of their adaptation to extreme oceanic conditions. While more research is needed in this area, evidence has shown that marine probiotics can alter gut microbiota, improve immune function, and exhibit bioactive functions including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant functions. Moreover, marine probiotics also have potential for prevention of gastrointestinal illnesses, improve cardiovascular function, and aid in metabolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize marine probiotics including, origins, cellular activity, and applications, including possible therapeutic functions as a new biotherapeutic approach to human health. However, comprehensive genomic and clinical studies are required to validate their safety and therapeutic efficacy • Marine probiotics have improved stress resistance and stability compared to traditional probiotics. • Marine probiotics have bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. • Marine probiotics have the ability to regulate the gut microbiota, immune system, and gut-brain signalling. • Marine probiotics have potential applications in the regulation of metabolic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. • Bioprospecting and validation of marine probiotics are required for commercialization.