Phyllosphere epiphytic fungi: Diversity, environmental interactions, and selection factors

This review systematically synthesizes current knowledge on the diversity, ecological roles, and environmental adaptability of epiphytic fungi in the phyllosphere. It specifically examines how spatial variation, seasonal dynamics, and environmental conditions shape fungal community structure and function. The review categorizes the main influencing factors; such as climatic variables, host plant traits, and anthropogenic impacts; and discusses how these shape fungal resilience and community composition. In addition, we explore the role of epiphytic fungi in enhancing plant health and ecosystem resilience, including their contributions to disease suppression and stress tolerance. Finally, the review highlights knowledge gaps and proposes future directions for understanding the ecological and functional roles of epiphytic fungi in natural and managed ecosystems.