Sustainable zein-based double-layer electrospun dressing: Ca2+-gallic acid co-delivery system for acute bleeding control and wound healing

Rapid hemostasis and efficient wound repair remain critical challenges in trauma care, as conventional dressings often fail to address the conflicting demands of acute bleeding and long-term healing simultaneously. Here, we report a mechanism-driven, spatially partitioned double-layer electrospun dressing (FZCa&OZG) based on cost-effective zein. The hydrophobic hemostatic layer (PVDF/Zein-CaCl 2 ) ensures wet stability and accelerates coagulation via rapid Ca 2+ release, while the hydrophilic healing layer (PEO/Zein-GA) combines humidity-responsive fluid absorption with the sustained pH-responsive release of gallic acid to manage oxidative stress. This rational bilayer design synergistically integrates rapid bleeding control, dynamic exudate management, and wet adhesion. Notably, in vivo evaluations demonstrated that FZCa&OZG significantly outperformed commercial gelatin sponges, achieving superior hemostatic efficiency. By combining sustainable materials with spatiotemporal organization and multifunctionality, FZCa&OZG offers a versatile and clinically promising platform for next-generation wound management.