Advances in graphene-based K-shaped ceramic metamaterial SPR biosensor with machine learning optimization for biomedical and cancer detection applications

With the use of optical techniques such as Surface Plasmon Resonance, Graphene biosensors have been fabricated for detecting blood components in the human body. The current SPR biosensor is designed for detecting three blood components, including Bovine Serum Albumin, Polycrylamide, and Biotin-Streptavidin. For the K-shaped resonance design with graphene inclusion, the proposed SPR biosensor is referred to as the KGSPR biosensor, operating within a detected wavelength range of 1940–2010 nm. Silver (Ag) is employed as the resonator material for the K-shaped structure, while the ceramic material boron nitride (BN) is used as the substrate layer. The proposed KGSPR biosensor is developed for the detection of different blood components identified using water samples as the reference medium and exhibits sensitivity values of 357.14, 737.7, and 833.33 nm/RIU for Bovine Serum Albumin, Polyacrylamide, and Biotin–Streptavidin, respectively. The corresponding quality factors are 329.66 for Bovine Serum Albumin, 393.8 for Polyacrylamide, and 395.6 for Biotin–Streptavidin with 0.0094 detection limit (DL). In addition, machine learning using the linear regression method achieves a high coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.99), confirming the reliability of the proposed design. Beyond blood sample analysis, the developed KGSPR biosensor can also be applied to the detection of cancerous cells, as well as glucose and protein sensing in medical diagnostics.