Recent advances in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H2O2 production over covalent organic frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a versatile class of crystalline porous materials for sustainable hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) synthesis through both photocatalytic and electrocatalytic pathways. This review provides a perspective on COF-enabled H 2 O 2 production by examining photocatalytic and electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction systems in parallel. By comparatively analyzing solar-to-chemical and electricity-to-chemical H 2 O 2 conversion routes, this review reveals intrinsic connections and complementary design principles between photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Finally, critical challenges and future research directions are outlined, encompassing efficiency enhancement, long term stability under realistic conditions, reactor engineering, and techno economic considerations, with the aim of guiding the rational development of COF based platforms for decentralized green and scalable H 2 O 2 production.