Application of nano-photosensitizers in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of tumors

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are light-based treatments that are minimally invasive, have few side effects, and effectively eliminate tumor cells by transforming light energy into either thermal or chemical energy. Consequently, they have garnered considerable interest in the realm of cancer therapy. The use of nanocarrier formulations that contain photosensitizers can be applied for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. With the advancements in nanotechnology and nanoparticles, phototherapy has attained enhanced therapeutic effectiveness. From the standpoint of cancer treatment, this article examines the function and benefits as well as drawbacks of light-based nanomaterials in PTT and PDT. It also explores the future possibilities and obstacles of phototherapy in the biomedical field. • This review systematically summarizes the application of nano-photosensitizers in tumor photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). • It comprehensively discusses the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of diverse PTT agents (inorganic, organic, carbon-based, black phosphorus) and PDT photosensitizers (chlorins, fluorochromes, curcumin). • The rational design of multifunctional nanoplatforms for targeted drug delivery and combination therapy (e.g., with chemotherapy, immunotherapy) is highlighted. • Current challenges and future prospects regarding the clinical translation of nanomaterial-based phototherapy are presented.