Towards a strategic path for the Republic of Korea's nuclear energy policy: Insights for the next revision of the ROK-U.S. nuclear cooperation agreement

This paper examines a multifaceted strategic approach for Republic of Korea's future nuclear energy policy within the complex framework of the ROK-U.S. Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. This agreement serves as the core legal basis for extensive nuclear cooperation between the two nations, evolving from a supplier-consumer relationship to one aiming for mutual exercise of authority and reciprocity following its 2015 revision. However, the U.S. prior consent requirement continues to impose constraints on Korea's nuclear autonomy and technological sovereignty, particularly concerning sensitive nuclear activities such as spent fuel management and enrichment. This study explores the challenges faced by Korea through a comparative analysis of the differentiated prior consent practices applied by the U.S. to various partner countries. It seeks to derive strategic insights for reconciling Korea's energy needs and technological aspirations with U.S. nonproliferation and regional security objectives, while managing potential friction points within the alliance. Ultimately, by proposing a proactive and multifaceted strategic approach - including strengthening domestic research and development (R&D) capabilities, advancing diplomatic efforts, leveraging joint research outcomes, and enhancing Korea's responsible leadership in international nonproliferation - this paper aims to contribute to improving Korea's energy security and technological self-reliance within the framework of the ROK-U.S. alliance.