Towards sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling in Bangladesh: Assessing environmental aspects and future prospects

The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage has driven significant growth in Bangladesh’s battery industry. However, this increasing demand has also resulted in a rapid accumulation of spent batteries, highlighting the urgent need for efficient, safe, and sustainable recycling solutions. Consequently, attention has turned toward developing recycling methods that are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and prioritize energy efficiency, low emissions, and the use of recoverable and sustainable materials. This study aims to evaluate existing recycling techniques and determine the most suitable approach for implementation in Bangladesh. It provides a comprehensive overview of various methods, including direct recycling, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, biometallurgical, and pretreatment processes. Among these, direct recycling is considered the most appropriate, as it preserves cathode materials, reduces chemical consumption, minimizes environmental impacts, and is more cost-effective than other technologies. Furthermore, it generates minimal washwater, a key advantage in a country where comprehensive wastewater treatment infrastructure is largely absent. The paper also examines the benefits and limitations of each process, their environmental implications, and potential mitigation strategies. Additionally, it addresses major challenges in lithium-ion battery recycling, proposes practical solutions, and explores future prospects for promoting sustainable, efficient, and safe recycling practices across Bangladesh.