Renewable energy policies in OPEC and non-OPEC countries: a comparative SWOT and PESTLE analysis

Renewable energy policies play a crucial role in accelerating the transition and achieving sustainable development. This study, employing both qualitative (SWOT/PESTLE) and quantitative (Likert-score comparison) methods, examines and compares the renewable energy policies of the OPEC group of countries, as well as non-OPEC group of countries. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the differences and similarities in these policies. The aim of this study is to identify and compare the internal and external factors influencing renewable energy policies in both OPEC and non-OPEC countries, classifying them into six categories ranging from political to environmental. The results indicate that, despite possessing high financial resources and natural potential, OPEC countries have yet to fully benefit from these advantages. In contrast, non-OPEC countries, supported by favorable policies and advanced technology, have made more progress. Quantitative analysis further reveals that non-OPEC countries outperform OPEC countries in economic, technological, and regulatory dimensions, with the economic index being 9 percent higher in non-OPEC countries. Both groups prioritize environmental concerns, although non-OPEC countries are more proactive in this regard. OPEC countries need to strengthen their domestic infrastructure and policies to catch up. The results of this study were evaluated using SD, IQR, and Cronbach's alpha (0.90 for OPEC and 0.94 for Non-OPEC) methods to measure data reliability, indicating high internal consistency and appropriate confidence in the data. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed, including diversifying the economy and enhancing international cooperation for OPEC countries, while non-OPEC countries should focus on developing technology and expanding international cooperation to continue advancing on the path toward renewable energy development.