Stage-specific molecular alterations in bipolar disorder: DNA methylation, gene expression, and miRNA profiles

pallidum (p < .05,corrected).Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that SSD patients exhibit significant volumetric and surface-based morphological alterations in the BG, particularly in the putamen, pallidum, and accumbens.Notably, surface-based analyses identified localized shape deformations that were associated with NSS severity, suggesting that regional morphological changes of the BG, rather than global volumetric differences, may underlie sensorimotor dysfunction.These results underscore the role of BG abnormalities in the neurobiological basis of NSS and highlight their potential as structural markers of disease-related sensorimotor impairment in SSD.