Gravitational baryogenesis in f(T, L) gravity

The observed matter–antimatter asymmetry of the Universe remains a fundamental challenge in modern physics. In this work, we explore gravitational baryogenesis within the framework of f ( T, L m ) gravity, where the gravitational Lagrangian depends on both the torsion scalar T and the matter Lagrangian L m . We consider three representative models and examine their ability to generate the observed baryon-to-entropy ratio. Our analysis shows that couplings involving both torsion and the matter Lagrangian, ∂ μ ( − T − L m L 0 ) , can successfully account for the baryon asymmetry for decoupling temperatures in the range 10 12 –10 14 GeV, while remaining consistent with small deviations from General Relativity. These results highlight the capacity of f ( T, L m ) gravity to provide novel mechanisms for baryogenesis, demonstrating that the interplay between torsion and matter-sector contributions can naturally generate the observed asymmetry. The framework also remains compatible with late-time cosmological evolution, offering a unified setting for early- and late-time dynamics.