Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A plant-mediated synthesis, characterizations and their functional applications

Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is gaining importance in various fields nowadays. The unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) make nanotechnology extremely valuable in multiple industries. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse applications. ZnO NPs play a vital role in various fields due to their optical and chemical properties. Traditional methods often involve hazardous chemicals that can harm the environment. Plant-mediated ZnO NPs production is the safest, cheapest, and least toxic method. This article focuses on the synthesis and latest advancements of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from plant parts, like leaves, bark, stems, roots, seeds, and flowers. Additionally, it clarifies the medical uses of ZnO NPs, including their antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, as well as their photocatalytic activity in agricultural, environmental, and cosmetic domains, serving as a UV protector. This review provides an in-depth examination of the detailed application of ZnO NPs. After addressing limitations such as toxicity, aggregation, and stability, ZnO NPs can be used as multifunctional tools in various fields. After addressing limitations such as toxicity, aggregation, and stability, ZnO NPs can be used as multifunctional tools in various fields.