Nanotech innovations in Agriculture: Enhancing plant growth and Navigating microbial interactions

The integration of nanotechnology into agriculture presents a transformative approach to enhancing productivity and sustainability. Nanoparticles (NPs), including nano-plant growth promoters, nanopesticides, nanofertilisers, nano-herbicides, and agrochemical-encapsulated nanocarrier systems, offer precise and efficient solutions for improving crop yields, pathogen resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, targeted weed and pest control, and soil bioremediation. These advancements contribute to reduced resource consumption and minimal environmental waste through controlled delivery mechanisms. However, the increasing application of NPs in agriculture raises significant concerns regarding their environmental footprint, synthesis methods, long-term fate, and potential adverse effects on plant-associated microorganisms vital for soil fertility and plant health. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive evaluation of NPs interactions within agroecosystems through long-term experimentation, including Life Cycle Assessment and the development of environmentally friendly green synthesis methods. This review highlights the need for standardised testing methods to ensure nanotechnology is used safely and effectively in sustainable farming, balancing innovation with ecological responsibility. • Nanotechnology boosts farm efficiency, sustainability, and crop resilience. • Nano-carriers enable targeted delivery, saving resources and reducing waste. • Safety concerns of nanoparticles must be addressed for secure farm use. • Effects on soil microbes need study to safeguard soil and ecosystem health. • Green synthesis and LCA cut risks, ensuring safer nanoparticle applications.