Microneedles: Transforming cancer therapeutics with transdermal drug delivery

Microneedles (MNs) are a versatile and minimally invasive technology for cancer therapy, offering targeted delivery and enhanced patient compliance. We can classify the various types of MNs as solid, hollow, coated, dissolvable, and hydrogel-forming, each with unique characteristics and applications. Chemotherapeutic MNs are essential in cancer therapy because they help with localized and controlled release, lower toxicity, and better absorption of chemotherapeutic agents. This lowers systemic toxicity and increases the effectiveness of therapy. The MN theranostics application integrates therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities in cancer treatment, allowing for real-time monitoring of therapy responses and disease amelioration. Sensor technology-based MNs further enhance this by detecting biomarkers and delivering drugs in a feedback-regulated manner. This ensures precise and time-regulated drug delivery. 3D printing technology has revolutionized micro/nanostructures manufacturing (MNs), producing customizable and complex structures tailored for specific anticancer applications. Combining customized synergistic methods like drug-loaded MNs and photothermal treatments, co-drugs, and nanocarriers enhances the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Despite their potential, MNs face several limitations and safety concerns, including skin irritation, infection risk, and the need for extensive clinical validation to ensure their efficacy and safety in cancer treatment. In general, MNs are a revolutionary approach to cancer therapy that offers the potential for improved outcomes by utilizing innovative delivery systems and multifunctional capabilities. However, their clinical implementation requires the resolution of existing safety concerns and limitations.