Synthesis of Sb2S3 nanostructures and carbon-based composites: Enhancing electrochemical catalysis and DSSC performance

This research introduces an innovative method for synthesizing Sb 2 S 3 nanostructures through a straightforward hydrothermal approach. Advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to conduct comprehensive structural, compositional and morphological analyses. The electrochemical catalytic potential of the synthesized materials in reducing triiodide to iodide was meticulously assessed using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. To enhance photoelectrochemical performance, various ratios of Sb 2 S 3 were combined with carbon black. Specifically, the Sb 2 S 3 /carbon black (2:1) composite exhibited exceptional electrochemical catalytic activity, reducing charge transfer resistance at the electrode-electrolyte interface and achieving the highest photoconversion efficiency of 4.53%. Furthermore, the study extended its investigation by integrating pencil lead, lamp black and printer toner in a (2:1) ratio with Sb 2 S 3 serving as CEs in the context of DSSCs. Particularly noteworthy, DSSCs utilizing lamp black, derived from mustard oil, demonstrated an energy conversion efficiency of 3.28%. These outcomes emphasize the significant viability of carbon-based materials as affordable alternatives to the costly Pt counter electrodes in DSSCs. • Simple hydrothermal synthesis of Sb 2 S 3 nanostructures achieved. • Sb 2 S 3 /Carbon black (2:1) shows superior electrocatalytic performance. • Enhanced DSSC efficiency of 4.53% using Sb 2 S 3 /Carbon black composite. • Lamp black-based DSSC attained 3.28% efficiency as a Pt-free CE. • Carbon materials proven as low-cost alternatives to Pt counter electrodes.