Recent advances in magnetic nanomaterials for clinical applications: A comprehensive review

Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained significant interest in recent years for their diverse biomedical applications, owing to their distinctive magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and tunable surface functionalization. This comprehensive review provides a thorough examination of current advancements in the design, synthesis, and biological applications of MNMs, emphasizing their functions in targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. The review also highlights their integration into tissue engineering strategies and multifunctional theranostic platforms. Finally, key translational challenges, including toxicity, reproducibility, large-scale synthesis, and regulatory hurdles, are evaluated, along with future perspectives. By bridging material innovation with clinical feasibility, this review provides a roadmap for advancing MNMs toward clinical translation.