Refining the construct of direct verbal suggestibility: Evidence for a hybrid dimensional–typological latent structure

Direct verbal suggestibility (DVS) is the strongest predictor of cognitive and perceptual modulations induced by verbal suggestions. However, the nature of this trait remains debated—particularly whether DVS reflects a dimensional continuum or a set of distinct subtypes. This study aimed to refine the conceptualization of DVS by testing the hypothesis that it integrates both dimensional and typological components. Using a cross-validation design, we analysed two independent datasets ( N = 680; N = 591) in which participants completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A. We estimated multidimensional latent class IRT models, which allowed disentangling dimensional and discrete components within a unified framework. Our results showed that DVS was best captured by a hybrid bi-factor model, consisting of a general (G)-factor divided into three classes, and a second factor, divided into two classes. The G-factor distinguished individuals by their overall responsiveness to suggestions, while the second factor revealed qualitative differences in their responsiveness to challenge suggestions. These findings indicate that DVS, as measured by the HGSHS:A, reflects a hybrid structure from which distinct profiles emerge, offering a more nuanced understanding of the construct and informing future research on the cognitive and experiential mechanisms underlying verbally induced changes in consciousness.