‘In the fatigue phase, I am simply fighting for survival’: A qualitative interview study on fatigue in competitive bodybuilding

Fatigue symptoms in elite athletes are receiving increasing attention within the literature. In bodybuilding, extended dieting phases are essential for competition preparation. As a sport driven by aesthetic and weight-sensitive goals, bodybuilding also carries a heightened risk of fatigue. Previous research has predominantly focused on the physical aspects of fatigue, with comparatively limited attention given to its psychological dimensions. This study aimed to explore the subjective experience of fatigue symptoms in competitive bodybuilders using a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 German-speaking competitive bodybuilders (9 women, M age = 28 years, SD = 4.63) focusing on their experiences of fatigue. Three independent researchers collaboratively conducted the data analysis, using reflexive thematic analysis with a mainly inductive approach informed by existing theoretical concepts. All bodybuilders experienced psychological and somatic fatigue symptoms. Fatigue was shaped by the relationship between sport-specific demands and embodiment, the prioritisation of performance over health, individual vulnerability (e.g. performance-oriented personality), and protective factors (e.g. health literacy, positive body image). The findings highlight novel risk factors, such as the habituation to fatigue, as well as protective elements, including effective recovery strategies, fatigue-related interoception and a generally positive attitude towards potential interventions. Our study provides the foundation for developing targeted psychological interventions pre- and post-competition, contributing to improved health outcomes.