Mitochondria and Qi: Merging eastern and western medicine

Since the discovery of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases almost 40 years ago, large numbers of diseases have been linked to mutations in both mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes that perturb the mitochondrial energy-generating system, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial dysfunction is being implicated not only in rare primary mitochondrial diseases but also a wide range of common diseases, yet the availability of effective mitochondrial therapies remains limited. One potential source of mitochondrial therapeutic approaches is Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM emphasizes the health-preservation philosophy and practical experience centered around the concept of "Qi", or vital force, and has generated Qi-oriented therapies over the past several thousand years. We propose that various properties and functions attributed to Qi may be explained by modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics, the interplay between OXPHOS and fatty acid oxidation versus glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the mitochondrial regulation of the immune system through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Hence, TCM therapeutics may provide approaches for treating the increasing spectrum of mitochondria associated diseases.