A comprehensive review on the broad-spectrum utility and phytochemistry of Curcuma caesia Roxb

Introduction Curcuma caesia Roxb., a medicinal rhizomatous herb, holds considerable therapeutic and commercial significance, especially in traditional Indian medicine. Its rhizomes are widely used in Ayurveda to manage chronic and metabolic disorders such as leukoderma, asthma, bronchitis, tumors, and piles. The plant's pharmacological potential is linked to its rich composition of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and essential oils. Purpose This review aims to critically analyze the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and biotechnological advancements related to C. caesia , with the goal of identifying its therapeutic potential and research gaps. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using over 150 scientific sources. Studies focused on the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and in vitro propagation strategies of C. caesia were collected, analyzed, and discussed. Results C. caesia exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumor effects. These effects are primarily attributed to its phytochemical richness. Recent advancements include successful in vitro propagation, microrhizome induction, and elicitation approaches that enhance secondary metabolite production. Conclusions Although C. caesia is considered a non-conventional species within the Curcuma genus, it has shown extensive therapeutic promise. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding its unexplored phytoconstituents and mechanisms of action. Further research is needed to validate traditional claims and explore its potential in pharmaceutical development.