Phenomenological constraints on QCD transport with quantified theory uncertainties

We present data-driven, state-of-the-art constraints on the temperature-dependent specific shear and bulk viscosities of the quark–gluon plasma from Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV . We perform global Bayesian calibration using the JETSCAPE multistage framework with two particlization ansätze, Grad 14-moment and first-order Chapman–Enskog, and quantify theoretical uncertainties via a centrality-dependent model discrepancy term. When theoretical uncertainties are neglected, the specific bulk viscosity and some model parameters inferred using the two ansätze exhibit clear tension. Once theoretical uncertainties are quantified, the Grad and Chapman–Enskog posteriors for all model parameters become almost statistically indistinguishable and yield reliable, uncertainty-aware constraints. Furthermore, the learned discrepancy identifies where each model falls short for specific observables and centrality classes, providing insight into model limitations.