From lab to leaf: Advances in nano-biosensors for real-time plant health monitoring

Integration of nanotechnology with plant diagnostics opening new avenues for real-time, high-resolution in-field monitoring of plant health and disease status in dynamic environmental conditions. This manuscript, “From Lab to Leaf: Advances in Nano-biosensors for Real-time Plant Health Monitoring,” highlights recent innovations in nano-biosensor platforms, including tattoo-based sensors, smart wraps or flexible sensor, and microneedle array sensors. These advanced diagnostics setting facilitate continuous, non-invasive or minimal invasive monitoring of key physiological parameters such as phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), stress biomarker, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nutrient profile directly from plant. The review also discusses sensor design, signal transduction mechanisms, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for efficient data interpretation, highlights the transformative potential of nanobiosensor in advancing sustainable agriculture through proactive, data-driven plant health management. Emphasis is placed on adopting green nanotechnology principles to ensure sustainable sensor development and deployment. Together, these emerging technologies are bridging the gap between laboratory innovation and field-scale application, advancing precision and sustainability in modern agriculture.