Cold stratification releases epicotyl dormancy in Yunnanopilia longistaminea by rebalancing ABA-GA and remodeling cell-wall polysaccharides across seed tissues

levels, together with coordinated changes in IAA and cytokinins among tissues. Cell-wall analyses further indicated increased hemicellulose accumulation, enhanced pectin methylesterase activity, and optimized cellulose status during the optimal stratification period. Expression of genes involved in ABA catabolism, GA biosynthesis, and wall remodeling changed consistently with these physiological responses. Inhibitor experiments using fluridone and paclobutrazol confirmed that ABA-GA rebalancing is required for dormancy release. These results support a model in which cold stratification unlocks epicotyl dormancy through coordinated hormonal reprogramming and cell-wall remodeling across seed tissues, providing a mechanistic basis for improving propagation and ex situ conservation of Y. longistaminea.