Demographic predictors of trauma and depression in war-affected children from Poland and Ukraine: Implications for prevention of mental health problems

The mental health consequences of war on children are well-documented, with early research emphasizing the critical role of caregiver presence in mitigating trauma. However, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine presents a novel context, requiring renewed investigation of the differential impact of direct war exposure and displacement on child and adolescent well-being. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 222 participants aged 7–21 years from Poland, Ukraine, and displaced Ukrainian populations (March 2024–March 2025, Poland/Ukraine). Depressive and trauma symptoms were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Results showed that trauma symptoms linked to war witnessing varied by gender, country, and hobbies, with displaced children exhibiting the highest co-occurrence of depression and trauma. Engaging in hobbies was associated with fewer and weaker symptoms, suggesting a protective effect. This study underscores the urgent need for preventive mental health interventions targeting children affected by the war. Our findings suggest that displaced children are at particularly high risk for depression, highlighting the importance of early screening and intervention. Specifically, we propose implementing school-based programs in regions hosting refugees that incorporate hobby engagement, trauma-informed care training for teachers and caregivers, and family-based interventions to address cultural integration. • War harms child mental health; Ukraine conflict and displacement effects need study. • Displaced children had higher depression; displacement impacts mental health. • Longer stays did not reduce symptoms; social and therapy support are important. • Hobbies offered protection in trauma and depression relations. • Tailored interventions are needed for war-affected children.