Advances in RNA delivery strategies for neural repair

ABSTRACT Neural tissues inherently exhibit limited regenerative capacity, resulting in persistent functional deficits following traumatic or degenerative injury. RNA-based therapeutics provide versatile molecular tools for modulating gene expression and reshaping pathological processes relevant to neural repair. However, their clinical translation remains restricted by rapid enzymatic degradation, limited in vivo stability and inefficient penetration across neural barriers. This review synthesizes recent progress in RNA delivery strategies designed to address these barriers, comparing lipid nanoparticles, polymeric systems and biomimetic platforms in terms of structural design, RNA protection, transport across biological interfaces and controlled release. Applications across models of traumatic injury, neurodegenerative disease and sensory neuropathy are systematically evaluated, highlighting how optimized delivery platforms enhance neuroprotection, promote axonal regeneration and restore neural function. Emerging trends include co-delivery of multiple RNA species and the development of adaptive, microenvironment-responsive systems. Continued refinement of multidimensional RNA delivery platforms is expected to support precise, stage-specific interventions and accelerate the transition of RNA therapeutics toward clinical application in neural regeneration.