Human Driven and Autonomous Vehicles on the Jakarta Harbor Tollroad’s Designated Lanes

The shift to automated transportation, with a combination of human-driven vehicles (HDV) and aggressive autonomous vehicle (AV) traffic, presents considerable safety concerns. This research employs VISSIM/SSAM to assess three dedicated lane (DL) scenarios on the Jakarta Harbour Toll Road. Scenario 1 (Aggressive AV DL) offers the greatest long-term mobility, but it presents significant lateral safety hazards (TET) when the Market Penetration Rate (MPR) falls below 60%. Scenario 2 (Aggressive AV with Bus DL) represents the ideal balanced strategy for early adoption (10-30% MPR). Scenario 3 (Bus DL) is demonstrated to be unfeasible in the initial and intermediate phases, as the integration of aggressive CAVs into normal traffic significantly compromises safety. A sequential implementation approach is effective: start with Case 2, then transition to Case 1 at 40% MPR for increased efficiency. At 80% to 90% MPR, Case 3 emerges as the ideal selection for greatest safety, effectively mitigating the significant lateral dangers associated with alternative dedicated lane options.