Free amino-acid and imidazole-ring dipeptide profiles of chicken-liver-hydrolysate supplement and its modulatory effects on lipid metabolism, oxidative status, and inflammation in livers, as well as gut microbiota in a high-fat diet

Chicken livers can be sustainably developed into nutraceuticals through the circular-agriculture innovation chain. A supplement (GBHP01) formulated from chicken-liver hydrolysates contains free-type hypolipidemic amino acids (threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and taurine) and the imidazole-ring dipeptide (anserine). In this study, mice were assigned to four groups: (1) Control: control diet (AIN-93M formula; fat providing 9.4% of total calories), (2) HFD: high-fat diet (fat providing 46.5% of total calories), (3) GBHP01.L: HFD supplemented with GBHP01 at 133.61 mg/Kg BW/day, and (4) GBHP01.H: HFD supplemented with GBHP01 at 267.22 mg/Kg BW/day. GBHP01 was administered by oral gavage. In 20-week HFD feeding, GBHP01 supplementation significantly reduced serum lipids, ALT, AST, and hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, while enhancing reduced GSH, TEAC, catalase, and GSH-Px levels (p