Spectroscopy, acoustics, and AI-based studies of nanoparticles formed from ultra-diluted homoeopathic medicines

This study explores the physicochemical properties, nanoscale characteristics, and biological activity of ultra-diluted homoeopathic medicines ( Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa ) at different potencies using advanced analytical techniques. Our purpose of this work was to examine the presence of nanoparticles which present inside the medicines even at the ultra-dilutions. The medicinal efficacy of ultra-high diluted homoeopathic medicines remains a contentious issue in the scientific community. Because dilutions beyond Avogadro's limit are believed to lack active molecules. Two widely used homoeopathic medicines— Ocimum sanctum (OS) (3×, 6×, and 3CH) and Curcuma longa (CL)—at potencies of 3×, 6×, and 6CH were investigated using advanced analytical techniques including UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based analysis. These methods identified distinct absorption peaks, functional groups, and the presence of nanoparticles in all potencies, confirming the structural integrity and preservation of medicinal fingerprints even at high dilutions. Additionally, acoustic and physicochemical studies were conducted by measuring density, ultrasonic velocity, and viscosity of the medicines in 90 % ethanol–water at temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to 318.15 K. These measurements allowed derivation of thermodynamic and acoustic parameters to understand solute–solvent interactions. The results revealed strong molecular interactions between the medicinal compounds and water–ethanol aggregates, indicating the role of potentization in preserving active structures. AI-based data analysis confirmed presence of nanoscale particles across all potencies. Furthermore, antibacterial assays against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated significant inhibitory activity for all OS and CL medicines, while control samples showed no antibacterial effect. This study provides strong physicochemical and biological evidence for the presence of active constituents in ultra-diluted homoeopathic medicines.