Coordinate-modified phthalocyanine framework materials promote photocatalytic/electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction

The massive consumption of fossil fuels has led to a surge in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, triggering global challenges such as energy crises and the greenhouse effect. The resource utilization of CO₂ is now an urgent priority. The CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers an efficient pathway for the directed conversion of CO₂ into high-value-added chemicals. Phthalocyanine compounds, with their unique large π-conjugated structures, excellent stability, and flexible functionalization properties, have emerged as highly promising catalytic materials in this field. However, conventional phthalocyanine catalysts face bottlenecks, including low electron transfer efficiency, slow proton transfer kinetics, and high CO₂ activation energy barriers, which limit performance enhancement. This paper systematically reviews design and synthesis strategies for phthalocyanine-based framework materials, focusing on the mechanisms of modification approaches, including central metal substitution, optimization of the coordination environment, regulation of the framework structure, and the use of support composites. It also provides a comprehensive summary of the product distribution patterns of CO₂RR. The aim is to overcome core limitations such as conductivity and active site utilization through precise structural modifications, while also outlining future development directions and optimization pathways for phthalocyanine-based CO₂RR catalysts.