Non-targeted metabolomic insights into Euphorbia heterophylla L.: sustainable textile dye synthesis and evaluation of abscess-healing efficacy in an earthworm model

The growing demand for sustainable and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic agents has intensified interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds within both pharmaceutical and material sciences. Within this context, Euphorbia heterophylla , traditionally used in folk medicine, remains an underexplored resource with potential dual functionality in wound care and textile innovation. This study investigates (1) the phytochemical composition of E. heterophylla and its role in abscess wound-healing efficacy, and (2) the feasibility of utilizing its metabolites for bioactive textile development. Metabolite profiling was conducted using UPLC-ESI-MS, while the extract's wound-healing properties were validated through in vivo assays employing Lumbricus terrestris as a cost-effective epithelial repair model. Histological, SEM, and fluorescence analyses confirmed enhanced tissue regeneration, reduced apoptosis, and increased collagen deposition in treated samples. The extract accelerated wound closure by approximately 40%, indicating strong regenerative potential. Thirteen key metabolites were identified, including flavonoid glycosides (kaempferol-3- O -rhamnoside), phenolic acid esters (4- O -caffeoylquinic acid), hydrolyzable tannins (5- O -galloylshikimic acid), and alkaloids (cinchonidine). Moreover, pH-dependent dyeing experiments revealed optimal performance at pH 2, demonstrating significant coloring efficiency on cotton fabrics. The observed pharmacological and material functionalities likely arise from synergistic antioxidant and proliferative actions of flavonoids and tannins. By bridging phytochemical analysis, biomedicine, and sustainable materials research, this study provides novel insights into E. heterophylla as a versatile source of bioactive compounds. Its validated dermatotherapeutic activity and textile applicability highlight its promise for future translational and eco-innovative applications.