Influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on spermatogenesis and sperm function in rodent models: A systematic review

Infertility is increasing worldwide and has been associated with several lifestyle and environmental exposures, including radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Because digital devices are often carried close to the body, possible effects on male reproduction remain a public health concern. This systematic review addressed the PECO question: how does RF-EMR exposure affect male fertility in rodent models? Studies published up to December 2025 were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Scopus (PROSPERO: CRD42023417536). From 4220 records, screening and updated searches yielded 88 eligible studies. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using SYRCLE's Risk of Bias tool. Included studies used multiple rat and mouse strains exposed to 800-24,000 MHz RF-EMR, with reported specific absorption rates of 0.014-34 W/kg. Exposure durations varied and were mainly subchronic. Evaluated outcomes included sperm parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, apoptosis, testicular histopathology, and hormonal indices. Oxidative and reproductive alterations were reported in subsets of studies; however, findings were heterogeneous and limited by uncertainties in allocation, housing, blinding, dosimetry, and outcome assessment. Current evidence suggests biologically plausible signals but does not support a uniform causal interpretation. Standardized, well-controlled studies are needed with comprehensive, clearly defined reproductive and fertility endpoints.