Converting cocoa farms into gold mines – negotiations, compensation and outcomes for farmers in Ghana

Resources Policy 2026 Open access

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Authors: Josephine Montford, Regina Birner, Christine Bosch, Boateng Kyereh
DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105843
Cited by: 1
References: 58

Abstract

• Formal or informal negotiations occur in cocoa farm conversions for mining. • Negotiations are influenced by factors which cause suboptimal outcomes. • Factors are information asymmetry, social connections, intimidation and collusion. • Formal compensations were lump sums and below reference rates. • Informal compensations were share arrangements and comparatively higher.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Cocoa and Sweet Potato Agronomy Agricultural Innovations and Practices Agriculture and Rural Development Research

Publication details

Journal / source
Resources Policy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Volume
113
Pages
105843–105843
Publication date
15 January 2026
Language
EN