Coal hauling on public roads in East Kalimantan: Regulatory failures, overlapping authorities, and conflicts

This study examines the regulatory frameworks governing public road usage for coal transportation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to identify the underlying causes of conflict between mining companies and local communities. It employs a doctrinal analysis of regulations, complemented by purposive interviews and case studies conducted between 2021 and 2024. The findings reveal that inconsistencies and ambiguities within the legislation create significant gaps in the law. At the same time, inadequate enforcement by various authorities and the vulnerable position of communities contribute to protests, violence, and even fatalities. Therefore, this study proposes three recommendations: first, harmonization of legislation regarding the transportation of coal on public roads; second, enactment of technical regulations that clearly define the responsibilities of each governmental agency; and third, establishment of integrated enforcement bodies to ensure accountability in legal enforcement.