Advancement in preparation, deformation mechanism, and multiscale mechanical simulation of gradient nanostructured metals: A comprehensive review

Gradient nanostructured (GNS) materials represent an innovative approach that effectively overcomes the longstanding trade-off between strength and ductility often encountered in conventional homogeneous materials. The GNS materials show exceptional resistance to wear, corrosion, and fatigue, making them suitable for various demanding applications. This study aims to provide an overview of key aspects of GNS materials, including common methods for preparing GNS materials and the principles that guide the formation of heterostructures, mechanical properties arising from their complex gradient microstructures, as well as advanced simulation methods that illustrate the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of GNS materials. Additionally, this study addresses key challenges in developing GNS materials and presents thoughtful insights into future advancements and technological applications of the engineering materials with nanostructured surfaces.