Continuous cropping obstacle in Ganoderma lucidum is driven by antagonistic bacterial enrichment and soil bacterial community imbalance

Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medicinal mushroom used extensively in traditional medicine and modern health industries. Continuous cropping often alters soil microbial communities, leading to continuous cropping obstacles that limit sustainable production. Although fungal diversity has been extensively studied, bacterial dynamics and their functional roles remain less understood. Here, we combined bacterial isolation and identification, third-generation full-length 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and confrontation assays to systematically investigate soil bacterial communities before and after G. lucidum cultivation. Significant changes in microbial richness, diversity, and composition were observed with notable shifts in Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. Importantly, we identified key bacterial species, including Bacillus velezensis , B. subtilis , B. amyloliquefaciens , Streptoverticillium reticulum , and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus , that strongly inhibited G. lucidum mycelial growth, highlighting their potential role in continuous cropping obstacles. This study provides the first integrative framework linking species-level bacterial dynamics to continuous cropping barriers in G. lucidum , offering a theoretical basis for targeted microbial management in sustainable cultivation.