Seasonal dynamics of rhizosphere microbial community dynamics of deforestation-cultivated ginseng

Ginseng grown in forest is generally considered to have higher medicinal value, and soil factors play a major role in it. However, the seasonal response of forest soil microenvironment to ginseng growth is still not fully understood. In this study, the seasonal dynamics of the rhizosphere soil physicochemical and biological properties of 3-year-old deforestation-cultivated ginseng were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the peak values of available sulfur (131.04 mg kg −1 ), exchangeable hydrogen ion (1.99 cmol kg −1 ), nitrate nitrogen (0.98 mg kg −1 ), and cation exchange capacity (231.43 cmol + ·kg −1 ) of the characteristic physicochemical factors responding to seasonal changes appeared in August, while the peak values of the characteristic enzyme protease (352.93 μg g −1 ·d −1 ) and acid phosphatase (9.84 mg g −1 ·d −1 ) appeared in September. Although the diversity of the microbiome remained stable, environmental drivers and interaction networks exhibited seasonal variations, with phosphorus cycle related factors (available phosphorus, acid phosphatase, and phytase) being the main predictors of rhizosphere microorganisms. Futhermore, the keystone bacteria ( Rhodofrax , Dokdonella , Hyphomicrobium , Mesohizobium , Bauldia , and Lysobacter ) and fungi ( Roesleria , Kabatiella , and Clavaria ) might play a major role in maintaining the stability of microbial community dynamics. These findings provide valuable insights for microbial mediated soil health management and offered strategies for optimizing ginseng cultivation practices to enhance plant performance.