Cu-BTC MOF/MoO₃, the first nano-composite based on the tilia plant, as a hole-transport layer in carbon-based perovskite solar cells in ambient conditions

This study reports the synthesis of a bio-nanocomposite consisting of MoO₃ nanoparticles and Cu-BTC metal-organic framework (MOF) using a green approach with Tilia plant extract. The nanocomposite was used as a hole transport material (HTM) in ambient-fabricated perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The Cu-BTC MOF/MoO₃ nanocomposite exhibited excellent optical, electrochemical, and morphological properties, facilitating efficient hole extraction and transport from the perovskite layer to the carbon counter electrode. Devices incorporating the nanocomposite HTM achieved a power conversion efficiency of 13.13%, outperforming the HTM-free control device. Notably, the nanocomposite-based PSCs demonstrated remarkable long-term stability, retaining 84% of their initial efficiency after 30 days of exposure to ambient conditions. The enhanced stability is attributed to the protective nature of the nanocomposite against moisture-induced degradation of the perovskite layer. This work presents a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly stable HTM solution for developing high-performance and durable PSCs.