Quantitative synthesis and correlations of heat transfer and friction factor in triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures have emerged as promising candidates for compact and high-efficiency thermal systems. Despite rapid progress, thermal-hydraulic data across the literature remain fragmented and often incomparable due to inconsistent geometric definitions, characteristic-length formulations, and boundary conditions. This study presents a systematic and dimensionless meta-analytical review of TPMS-based heat exchangers, heat sinks, and related thermal systems. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) protocol, 57 primary studies were screened, classified, and synthesized. Reported Nusselt (Nu) and friction-factor (f) correlations were refitted and compared on a common dimensionless basis to reveal performance trends and discrepancies among Gyroid, Diamond, Primitive, and other TPMS topologies. The analysis identifies geometric and methodological factors responsible for the wide variation in reported results, including hydraulic-diameter definition, flow regime, additive-manufacturing roughness, and modeling assumptions. Unified correlations and performance maps are proposed to facilitate fair comparison and predictive design. Finally, recommendations are made to standardize reporting practices and modeling protocols for TPMS-based thermal components. This review provides the first consolidated framework linking topology, flow, and thermal performance, supporting the design of next-generation compact and sustainable heat-exchange technologies.