Construction and application of fire safety resilience evaluation model for road tunnels based on PSR-combined empowerment-improved cloud modeling

Addressing the high fire risk and challenging emergency response in highway tunnels, this study introduces resilience theory into highway tunnel fire safety. It proposes a fire safety resilience evaluation model based on a combination of weighted methods and an improved cloud model. By integrating the “Pressure-State-Response” (PSR) conceptual framework with the multidimensional “Personnel-Structure-Technology-Environment-Management” (PSTEM) theory, an innovative evaluation indicator system combining systematicity and adaptability is constructed. Furthermore, certain indicators are calibrated and quantified based on current regulations and cutting-edge literature, enhancing the practicality and advancement of the indicator system and achieving a shift from traditional single-risk evaluation to systemic resilience capability assessment. Simultaneously, this study employs an improved cloud model to effectively address indicator ambiguity and randomness, while combining a composite weighting method to balance subjective and objective weights, thereby ensuring the scientific rigor and stability of evaluation outcomes. To validate the applicability of this methodology, a typical extra-long tunnel on the Kunming Ring Expressway was selected as a case study. Results indicate that the sample tunnel achieved a Grade V fire safety resilience rating, demonstrating high resilience. Field inspections confirmed good alignment between the study findings and actual conditions, validating the practicality of the adopted methodology. The proposed approach maximizes the rationality of evaluation outcomes, proving feasible for fire safety resilience assessments in highway tunnels while offering guidance for similar resilience evaluations.