Contour-based response surface analysis on convective heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids with radiation absorption, brownian motion, and Biot number

The purpose of this article is to examine the contribution of magnetic hybrid nanofluid flow to the three-dimensional boundary layer characterisation on a linearly stretched surface including radiation, heat source, chemical reaction, and Darcy-Forchheimer effects. Heat transfer through an exponentially elongating sheet of fluid is predicted empirically by a hybridised magnetised flow model. Thermal performance optimization is challenging because of heat radiating from sources and nanoparticle concentrations. A boundary-layer estimation and suitable similarity variables are used for developing the fluid equations for the current model. It is also possible to solve the numerical solution by solving the coupled system of nonlinear equations effortlessly. MATLAB's built-in solver bvp4c is used to solve the equations numerically and also RSM approach is used. An inertial drag model based on Darcy-Forchheimer's principle may also influence flow and heat transfer characteristics. Based on similarity functions, it is transformed into a dimensionless state by taking physical assumptions into account. Visualizations show key characteristics of several components that influence flow patterns. Heat homogenization is enhanced through stretching, brownian motion, and thermophoresis. A reliable predictive model is developed using RSM that describes the relationship between input variables, such as nanoparticle volume fraction, Brownian motion, radiation parameter, Biot number,and output parameters, such as Nusselt number or heat transfer rate. Water/Ag–CuO hybrid nanofluids exhibit greater efficiency than nanofluids due to increased conductivity and stability. A profound understanding of flow, heat, and mass transport is provided by identifying synergistic effects of thermal and concentration Biot numbers and Darcy-Forchheimer porous phenomena.