Multi-dimensional resilience modelling framework for offshore wind farms under operational and extreme disruptions

This paper develops a multi-dimensional resilience modelling framework for offshore wind farms under disruption, integrating technical, organisational, functional and economic dimensions. The framework clarifies the comprehensive meaning of resilience on offshore wind farms, integrating temporal (pre-, during-, and post-disruption), spatial (component, turbine, and farm), and complex dimensions. Building on this foundation, the resilience of offshore wind farms under operational and extreme disruptions has been modelled to evaluate the system's capacities, including robustness, rapidity, productivity and economic efficiency in different dimensions. It also considers various uncertainties, including environment, load, fatigue, equipment and material, personnel, mechanical, and structural attributes. Finally, a case study has been presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed modelling methodology, demonstrating that incorporating organisational, functional, and economic aspects alongside technical ones provides a more realistic assessment of offshore wind farm resilience. The work contributes to enriching the conceptualisation of offshore wind farm resilience. It establishes a comprehensive framework for resilience modelling, with great potential to support both operational decision-making and long-term planning.