Hall and cross-diffusion effects on ternary nanofluid flow over a rotating stretching surface under Coriolis force: An ANN approach

This study investigates the three-dimensional flow characteristics of a tri-hybrid nanofluid over a rotating stretching surface, accounting for the combined effects of the Hall current and Coriolis force, with potential relevance to engineering and industrial applications. The momentum equations incorporate Hall and stagnation point effects, while the temperature and concentration equations include Soret–Dufour contributions. The thermal performance of the tri-hybrid nanofluid is analysed by introducing copper oxide ( C u O ), titanium dioxide ( T i O 2 ), and silver ( Ag ) nanoparticles dispersed in an ethylene glycol ( C 2 H 6 O 2 ) base fluid. Through suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically using MATLAB's bvp5c boundary-value solver. The parametric effects on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are presented graphically. To improve predictive reliability, an artificial neural network model is trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The results indicate that increasing the Hall parameter enhances the primary velocity and decreases the secondary velocity by reducing the effective Lorentz force. The Soret and Dufour parameters strongly influence coupled heat and mass transport, whereas larger Schmidt and chemical reaction parameters reduce the concentration boundary-layer thickness. A maximum enhancement of 17.75% in the heat transfer rate is observed for the ternary hybrid nanofluid when compared with the conventional nanofluid. The present investigation is applicable to rotating machinery cooling systems, polymer extrusion processes, energy conversion devices, and magnetically controlled thermal management systems that require enhanced heat and mass transfer.